20% of its items missing were excluded from data analysis. duration of social networking use). The Facebook Intensity Scale has seen prolific use since its development; however, it has been criticized by some scholars. here. It would facilitate more research in this field worldwide and specifically in the Chinese population. For instance, a study from Yang et al [22] only covered four specific types of Facebook activities (electronic interactions, voyeurism, self-presentation, and gaming), while intensity of using two of these four types of activities was only assessed by a single item. The literature has suggested that many adolescents use online social networking mainly for interactions with their “offline friends”. Facebook Intensity Scale (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). [6,22,26,27] A pool of 38 items was extracted. All factor loadings exceeded 0.50 (Table 2), indicating that all items should be included in the confirmatory factor analysis. : 81373021). Book; Search. Conceptually, FIS mainly evaluated the individual’s attitudes towards Facebook to reflect the degree of emotional connection to Facebook. Yes The intensity of social media use as a general source of information has been measured by adapting the scale of Llodrà-Riera et al. The development of SNAIS therefore adds value to existing tools. The factor structure of SNAIS was also clearly established. Over 65.0% had used online social networking services for more than one year, and 11.0% of the social networking users were daily users in the last month. Participants were asked whether they currently possess any social networking account. [33] Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, while test-retest reliability was evaluated by Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Given the large scale of use of social media, there is a lack of research analysing the influence of multiple social media on brand equity (Schivinski and Dabrowski, 2015; Keller, 2016; Gürhan-Canli et al., 2016). Authors developing measuring minutes spent using the site and scales of social media use have focused mainly number of Facebook friends, although at lower on behavioral frequency of use (e.g., Ross et al., levels than correlations with the Facebook Use 2009), used inadequate measures such as single Intensity scale scores. messaging with friends, posting comments, status updating). Background Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. Center for Health Education in Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China. The benefits of Facebook ‘‘friends:’’ Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Media influence and body image in 8-11-year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. This study aims to examine the association between the influence of FoMO on the usage intensity of Social Media by adolescents. One of the most prominent measures being used in research is the Facebook Intensity Scale developed by Ellison Steinfield and Lampe (2007). This is largely inadequate as adolescents usually engage in multiple types of social networking activities [6,22–24] (e.g. In the first subsample, the factor structure of the SNAIS was extracted by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal components extraction method and varimax rotation methods. Therefore, raw data will be made available upon request and approval of the schools’ principals and the investigators. It is warranted to develop a more comprehensive tool to assess intensity of online social networking use, considering various types of online social networking activities, functions and platforms. The scale measures the intensity of Instagram use based on the response to seven items, with a four-level Likert scale response mode (1 = Strongly disagree; 4 = Strongly agree). It is relatively painless and will only take a few minutes. means, standard deviation, and percentage) were presented when appropriate. No, Is the Subject Area "Internet" applicable to this article? Yes Specifically, the SMIS adaptation to the Instagram social network was applied . On the days they reported using social networking, 49.7% spent on average more than 30 minutes per day for social networking. The results showed that the SNAIS had acceptable psychometric properties. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 3.1.8. As expected, the SNAIS and its subscale scores were correlated significantly with emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, Internet addiction, and characteristics related to social networking use. We suggest both subscales to be used together in the future, as nowadays social interactions and entertainment are not mutually exclusive. Yes Researchers have attempted to establish measures for the intensity of social media use in order to determine the levels of integration of SNS in users‘ lives. In order to further refine the existing items and response scale, individual interviews were conducted among 20 students. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. duration of social networking use, number of days per week using social networking on average, time spent on social networking on a typical day, and number of social networking friends). It has acceptable psychometric properties and is easy to be self-administered by junior middle school students. The single item related to intensity of use is inadequate and no testing of psychometric properties such as factor structure and internal reliability was possible. For instance, the Facebook Intensity Scale, [17] a commonly used instrument, [8,9,20] assesses the extent of one’s emotional connection to Facebook and integration between its use and one’s daily life. The statistical significant level was 0.05. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. Response categories rated from 1 (not true) to 5 (extremely true), with a higher score indicating a higher level of addictive tendency to social networking. In this study, an exploratory factor analysis of this scale showed a one-factor solution that explained 51.2% of the total variance, with high factor loadings ranging from 0.64 to 0.77. Affiliations On May 18, 2020. It also measures emotional connectedness to the social networking site. Higher scores indicated a higher level of emotional connection to social networking. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t002. The survey was conducted in October of 2013 in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province located in southern China. In the present study, SNUI is defined as self-reported frequency of using multiple types of online social networking activities through multiple types of platforms in the last month. We followed the study design of a number of published papers involving validation of scales among students [40–42], which have smaller sample sizes as compared to our study. Those providing an affirmative answer to the question were asked about their experiences in social networking use, including duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends. Tags: education, engagement, facebook, Facebook intensity scale, Facebook survey, higher education, methods, questions, Research, students, survey. To assess the intensity of use in social networks, the Social Media Intensity Scale (SMIS) was used . Image Dimensions: 1060 x 575. Further elaborations and refinements are warranted. The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. The SNAIS and its two subscales exhibited acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89, 0.90 and 0.60, and test-retest Intra-class Correlation Coefficient = 0.85, 0.87 and 0.67 for Overall scale, SFUI and EFUI subscale, respectively, p<0.001). The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it among junior middle school students in China. There were a total of 11-grade 7 classes, 11-grade 8 classes, and 5-grade 9 classes. Social networking addiction was measured by adapting items of the Facebook Addiction Scale, [28] which included eight items describing addictive symptoms: cognitive and behavioral salience, conflict with other activities, euphoria, loss of control, withdrawal, and relapse and reinstatement. We examined its psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. No ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. In sum, the study developed and evaluated an instrument for assessing extensive functions of social networking use intensity. Previous research has indicated that the effects of Internet use on psychosocial well-being was partially dependent on the nature of Internet use. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Four additional students answered an open-ended question on whether there were any other types of online activities unmentioned. Similarly, the word “Facebook” was replaced by “online social networking” in the current study, and a translation and back-translation process was used. Considering the dramatically increasing prevalence of social networking use among adolescents (90% prevalence in our sample), the development of the SNAIS would facilitate the progression of related studies investigating the effects of social networking use on psychosocial well-being among adolescents. In the present study, we have developed and validated the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) among junior middle school students in China. Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. Please consider submitting any instruments that you have developed. number of Facebook friends [15], average daily time spent on social networking [10], and frequency of use [16]), which fails to assess complex constructs of online social networking use. Furthermore, there were no noticeable ceiling or floor effects. with three items, based on the intensity of interaction with the brand (how much content about the tourist destination did you see on social media? Abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli intensity. The scale showed good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.73). Floor and ceiling effects were considered present if more than 15% of respondents possessed the minimum or maximum score of the SNAIS. Besides, Pearson correlation coefficients among SNAIS/subscales, emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, and Internet addiction were derived. These suggested activities overlapped with the current 14 items (see Table 1). Coronavirus has uncovered the intensity of social networks. Location Taken: US Data obtained from 910 (89.7%) students, who were social networking users, were used for data analysis. Despite its prolific use, the scale has been criticized by, among Based on their comments, we removed the item response category of ‘occasional’, and thus a 5-point scale was used. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click No incentive was given to the students. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. Therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China, Affiliation Descriptive statistics (e.g. The study hence used a convenience sampling design. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Internet addiction was measured by the 8-item Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t001. 1. Moreover, the results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that those who reported higher levels of duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends, scored significantly higher in the SNAIS and its two subscales (all p<0.001, Table 6). The 14 remaining items were written as questions:” How often have you performed the following online social networking activities in the last month?” Item response scale included six categories: 0 (never), 1 (few), 2 (occasional), 3 (sometimes), 4 (often) and 5 (always). 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